ANALYSIS OF THE MEDIATING ROLE OF RESILIENCE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL SUPPORT AND BURNOUT IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS / ANÁLISIS DEL PAPEL MEDIADOR DE LA RESILIENCIA EN LA RELACIÓN ENTRE EL APOYO SOCIAL Y EL AGOTAMIENTO EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS / ANÁLISE DO PAPEL MEDIADOR DA RESILIÊNCIA NA RELAÇÃO ENTRE APOIO SOCIAL E BURNOUT EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS

This research aimed to assess the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between social support and academic burnout. To do so, a cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate students enrolled at a public university in Paraná, Brazil, who were participants in the GraduaUEL project - Analysis of Health and Lifestyle Habits of Undergraduate Students at the State University of Londrina, interviewed in the year 2019. The dependent variable of this study was academic exhaustion, measured through the Copenhagen Inventory Burnout questionnaire (CBI-S). The independent variable was social support, measured using the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), and the mediating effect of resilience was assessed using the CD-RISC-1 scale. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to obtain the model with the best fit using Mplus software, with a 95% confidence interval (CI95%). Total social support significantly and positively influenced resilience, while resilience had a significantly negative effect on burnout. It was observed that the direct effect of social support on burnout and the indirect effect of social support on burnout through resilience were significant, with resilience mediating this relationship by approximately 54.9%. In conclusion, social support and resilience have an impact on academic burnout; thus, reducing university students' exhaustion can be achieved by enhancing both social support and resilience among them.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el papel mediador de la resiliencia en la relación entre el apoyo social y el agotamiento académico. Para ello, se realizó un estudio transversal con estudiantes universitarios inscritos en una universidad pública en Paraná, Brasil, que participaron en el proyecto GraduaUEL - Análisis de la Salud y los Hábitos de Vida de los Estudiantes de Grado en la Universidad Estatal de Londrina, entrevistados en el año 2019. La variable dependiente de este estudio fue el agotamiento académico, medido a través del cuestionario de Inventario de Burnout de Copenhague (CBI-S). La variable independiente fue el apoyo social, medido mediante la Encuesta de Apoyo Social del Estudio de Resultados Médicos (MOS-SSS), y el efecto mediador de la resiliencia se evaluó utilizando la escala CD-RISC-1. Se llevaron a cabo análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para obtener el modelo con el mejor ajuste utilizando el software Mplus, con un intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). El apoyo social total influyó significativa y positivamente en la resiliencia, mientras que la resiliencia tuvo un efecto significativamente negativo en el agotamiento. Se observó que el efecto directo del apoyo social en el agotamiento y el efecto indirecto del apoyo social en el agotamiento a través de la resiliencia fueron significativos, con la resiliencia mediando esta relación en aproximadamente un 54,9%. En conclusión, el apoyo social y la resiliencia tienen un impacto en el agotamiento académico; por lo tanto, reducir el agotamiento de los estudiantes universitarios puede lograrse mejorando tanto el apoyo social como la resiliencia entre ellos.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o papel mediador da resiliência no efeito do suporte social e a relação com o burnout acadêmico. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo transversal com estudantes matriculados em cursos de graduação de uma universidade pública paranaense, participantes do projeto GraduaUEL - Análise da Saúde e Hábitos de Vida dos Estudantes de Graduação da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, entrevistados no ano de 2019. A variável dependente deste estudo foi a exaustão acadêmica, mensurada por meio do questionário Copenhagen Inventory Burnout (CBI-S). A independente foi o apoio social, medido pela escala de apoio Social (MOS-SSS), e o efeito mediador da resiliência foi verificado a partir da escala CD-RISC-1. Foram realizadas análise fatorial exploratório (AFE) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) para obter o modelo com melhores resultados através do software Mplus, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). O apoio social total afetou significativamente e positivamente a resiliência, enquanto a resiliência teve um efeito significativamente negativo no burnout. Foi observado que o efeito direto do suporte social no burnout e efeito indireto do suporte social no burnout por meio da resiliência foram significativos, a resiliência medeia essa relação em aproximadamente 54,9%. Em suma, o apoio social e a resiliência têm efeito sobre o burnout acadêmico, dessa forma a exaustão dos estudantes universitários pode ser reduzida ampliando-se o apoio social e a resiliência entre os estudantes universitários. 

Comunidad compasiva para la inclusión social y calidad de vida de las personas con esclerosis múltiple y sus cuidadores familiares / Comunidade compasiva pela inclusao social e qualidade de vida de pessoãs com esclerose multipla e seus familiares cuidadores / Compassionate community for the social inclusion and quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis and their family caregivers

Objetivo: Evaluar cualitativamente la experiencia de pacientescon esclerosis múltiple (PEM) y cuidadores familiares (CFPEM)vinculados al programa de esclerosis múltiple del HospitalUniversitario Nacional de Colombia (PrEM-HUNC), durantela formación y consolidación de una comunidad compasiva(CC), para la inclusión social y promoción de calidad de vida.Materiales y Método: estudio cualitativo interpretativo, conentrevistas a profundidad a nueve colaboradores. Con elmétodo de análisis de espiral de Creswell y Poth, emergieroncuatro categorías y un tema.Resultados: el tema “Un nido comunitario de crecimientoytransformación” señala el proceso de conformación de la CCcomo una experiencia que posibilitó cambios de significadosen torno a la enfermedad, la situación personal y familiar;revela un proceso de descubrimiento y aprendizaje deconformación de diferentes relaciones y roles.Conclusiones: La CC es una opción para construcción deredes de apoyo, fortalecimiento de las capacidades personalesy familiares, una forma para hacer frente a los diferentesimpactos y retos que implica vivir con esclerosis múltiple,se constituye en una alternativa para la promoción de lacalidad de vida y la inclusión social.(AU)

Objective: to qualitatively evaluate the experienceof patients with multiple sclerosis (PEM) and familycaregivers (CFPEM) linked to the multiple sclerosisprogram of the National University Hospital ofColombia (PrEM-HUNC), during the formation andconsolidation of a compassionate community (CC),for social inclusion and promotion of quality of life.Materials and Method: qualitative interpretativestudy, with in-depth interviews to nine collaborators.With Creswell and Poth's spiral analysis method,four categories and one topic emerged. Results: the theme "A Community Nest of Growth andTransformation" points out the process of shaping theCC as an experience that made possible changes in themeanings surrounding the disease and the personaland family situation; reveals a process of discovery andlearning of shaping different relationships and roles.Conclusions: The CC is an option for building supportnetworks, strengthening personal and family capacities,a way to address the different impacts and challengesof living with multiple sclerosis; it is an alternative tothe promotion of quality of life and social inclusion.(AU)

Objetivo: avaliar qualitativamente a experiência depacientes com esclerose múltipla (PEM) e cuidadoresfamiliares (CFPEM) vinculados ao programa de esclerosemúltipla do Hospital Universitário Nacional de Colombia(PrEM-HUNC), durante a formação e consolidação deuma comunidade compassiva (CC), para a inclusãosocial e promoção da qualidade de vida.Materiais e Método: estudo qualitativo interpretativo,com entrevistas em profundidade com nove colaboradores.Com o método em espiral de Creswell e Poth, quatrocategorias e um tema emergiram.Resultados: o tema “Um ninho comunitário de crescimentoe transformação” revela o processo de conformação daCC como uma experiência que possibilitou mudanças designificados em torno da doença, da situação pessoal efamiliar; revela um processo de descoberta e aprendizagemde obter diferentes relacionamentos e papéis.Conclusões: a CC é uma opção para a construção deredes de apoio, fortalecendo as capacidades pessoais efamiliares, uma forma de enfrentar os diversos impactose desafios que o viver com esclerose múltipla implica,sendo uma opção para a promoção da qualidade devida e inclusão social.(AU)

[Perceived social support of people over 60 years who care for their grandchildren]. / Apoyo social percibido de personas mayores de 60 años que cuidan de sus nietos.

OBJECTIVE: The role of older people in today's society is important in supporting work-life balance and well-being. The aim of the study was to analyze the perception of the support they receive and the psychosocial well-being of people over 60years of age who take care of their grandchildren. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional descriptive observational study. A sample of people over 60years of age, who attended the pediatrics service in three health centers accompanying their grandchildren, during the first four-month period of 2018. They were administered the Duke-UNC questionnaire, with measures of social support and involvement in the care of their grandchildren. RESULTS: The majority cared for their grandchildren between 5 and 14hours per week, performing recreational and maintenance activities. The participants reported a significant relationship of the caregiver's role in their quality of life and well-being; 88% of the subjects perceived a high level of social support. Involvement in weekly caregiving hours did not correlate with worse perceived support. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults who care for their grandchildren and attend the primary care pediatrics service with them perceive an adequate level of social support, regardless of the number of hours spent doing so.

Heightened response to positive facial cues as a potential marker of resilience following childhood adversity.

Background: Childhood maltreatment profoundly influences social and emotional development, increasing psychiatric risk. Alterations in the implicit processing of threat-related cues following early abuse and neglect represent a marker of mental health vulnerability. Less is known about how early adversity influences the perception of positive social cues, despite their central role in establishing and maintaining social interactions and their association with better mental health outcomes.Methods: The sample consisted of 42 children and adolescents with substantiated childhood maltreatment experiences and 32 peers (mean age 13.3), matched on age, pubertal status, gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and cognitive ability. A computerised experimental task assessed the perceived emotional intensity of positive (happy) and negative (fearful) facial expressions. Mental health symptoms were measured via self- and parental reports, and perceived social support was self-reported.Results: The experience of abuse and neglect was associated with heightened perceived intensity of positive facial cues. Cross-sectional post-hoc moderation and mediation analyses, employing a model-building approach, revealed that in maltreatment-exposed participants: (i) their increased response to positive facial cues was associated with lower symptoms; (ii) the presence of social support accounted for their heightened perceived intensity of positive facial cues; (iii) the presence of social support putatively contributed to lower symptoms by increasing the perceived intensity of positive facial cues. No group differences in perceived intensity of negative expressions were observed.Conclusions: These findings provide fresh insight into how positive faces are processed following maltreatment experience in childhood. Maltreatment experience was found to be associated with heightened perceived intensity of happy faces, which in turn was associated with better mental health and greater levels of social support. This suggests that heightened saliency of positive emotions acts protectively in children with maltreatment experience.

The impact of childhood maltreatment on perceiving positive social cues, especially explicit emotional intensity appraisal, is less understood compared to the extensive focus on its role in processing threat-related cues and psychiatric risk.In this study, we found that maltreatment experience was associated with heightened perceived intensity of happy faces, which in turn was associated with better mental health and greater levels of social support.These findings suggest that heightened saliency of positive emotions may act protectively in children with maltreatment experience.

The day-to-day relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and social support after sexual assault.

Background: Experiencing sexual assault is associated with a significant increase in risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder and related concerns (e.g. alcohol misuse). Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence suggests that social support may be both broadly protective against and eroded by posttraumatic stress symptoms. However, little is known about how different aspects of social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms influence each other in the weeks and months immediately following sexual assault, when posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms first emerge.Objective: The present study assessed the day-to-day relationship between social support and PTS in a sample of distressed, alcohol-using, recently-assaulted female survivors participating in a clinical trial of an app-based intervention (N = 41).Method: Participants completed 3 weeks of daily diaries starting within 10 weeks of sexual assault. Mixed-effects models were used to examine prior-day and same-day relationships between PTS and four social support constructs (social contact, emotional support, pleasantness of social interactions, and talking about sexual assault).Results: Results indicate that higher quantity and pleasantness of social interactions over the full sampling period was associated with lower PTS symptoms on any given day. Experiencing better-than-typical social interactions on one day was associated with lower than typical PTS symptoms on that day and the next day. On days when participants discussed their sexual assault with others, they tended to be having higher than usual PTS symptoms.Conclusions: Findings suggest that increasing the quantity and pleasantness of social interactions soon after sexual assault might protect against worsening posttraumatic stress symptoms.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03703258.

In N = 41 distressed and alcohol-using female survivors of recent sexual assault, having a higher quantity of social interactions and more pleasant social interactions within 10 weeks of assault was associated with lower posttraumatic stress symptoms.When survivors' social interactions were more pleasant than average on one day, their posttraumatic stress symptoms tended to be lower than average the next day, and recent survivors were more likely to talk about sexual assault on days when their posttraumatic stress symptoms were higher than usual.Interventionists should take note that increasing the quantity and pleasantness of social interactions soon after sexual assault might protect against worsening posttraumatic stress symptoms.

Social support buffers the impact of pregnancy stress on perceptions of parent-infant closeness during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pregnant individuals and parents have experienced elevated mental health problems and stress during COVID-19. Stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the fetus and detrimental to the parent-child relationship. However, social support is known to act as a protective factor, buffering against the adverse effects of stress. The present study examined whether (1) prenatal stress during COVID-19 was associated with parent-infant closeness at 6 months postpartum, and (2) social support moderated the effect of prenatal stress on the parent-infant relationship. In total, 181 participants completed questionnaires during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to assess whether social support moderated the effect of stress during pregnancy on parent-infant closeness at 6 months postpartum. Results indicated a significant interaction between prenatal stress and social support on parents' perceptions of closeness with their infants at 6 months postpartum (ß = .805, p = .029); parents who experienced high prenatal stress with high social support reported greater parent-infant closeness, compared to those who reported high levels of stress and low social support. Findings underscore the importance of social support in protecting the parent-infant relationship, particularly in times of high stress, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Individuos y progenitores en estado de embarazo experimentan elevados problemas de salud mental y estrés durante el COVID-19. El estrés durante el embarazo puede ser dañino para el feto y perjudicial para la relación progenitor-niño. Sin embargo, es sabido que el apoyo social actúa como un factor de protección, sirviendo como agente amortiguador contra los adversos efectos del estrés. El presente estudio longitudinal examinó si 1) el estrés prenatal durante el COVID-19 se asociaba con la cercanía madre-infante a los seis meses después del parto, y 2) el apoyo social moderaba el efecto del estrés prenatal en la relación madre-infante. Un total de 181 participantes completaron cuestionarios durante el embarazo y a los seis meses después del parto. Un análisis de regresión lineal jerárquico se llevó a cabo para evaluar si el apoyo social moderaba el efecto del estrés durante el embarazo en cuanto a la cercanía progenitor-infante a los seis meses después del parto. Los resultados indicaron una interacción significativa entre el estrés prenatal y el apoyo social sobre las percepciones que los progenitores tenían de la cercanía con sus infantes a los seis meses después del parto (ß = .805, p = .029); los progenitores que experimentaron un alto estrés prenatal con un alto apoyo social reportaron una mayor cercanía progenitor-infante, comparados con aquellos que reportaron altos niveles de estrés y bajo apoyo social. Los resultados subrayan la importancia del apoyo social para proteger la relación progenitor-infante, particularmente en épocas de alto estés, tal como durante la pandemia del COVID-19.

Les personnes enceintes et les parents font l'expérience de plus grands problèmes de santé mentale et de plus de stress durant la crise du COVID-19. Le stress durant la grossesse peut être néfaste pour le foetus et vient au détriment de la relation parent-enfant. Cependant l'on sait que le soutien social est un facteur de protection, faisant tampon face aux effets adverses du stress. Cette étude longitudinale a examiné si 1) le stress prénatal durant le COVID-19 était lié à la proximité mère-nourrisson à six mois postpartum, et 2) le soutien social a modéré l'effet du stress prénatale sur la relation mère-nourrisson. En tout 181 participants ont rempli des questionnaires durant la grossesse et à sic mois postpartum. Une analyse de régression linéaire hiérarchique a été faite pour évaluer si le soutien social a modéré l'effet du stress durant la grossesse sur la proximité parent-nourrisson à six mois postpartum. Les résultats ont indiqué une interaction importante entre le stress prénatal et le soutien social sur les perceptions des parents de la proximité avec leurs nourrissons à six mois postpartum (ß = ,805, p = ,029); les parents qui ont fait l'expérience d'un stress prénatal élevé avec un soutien social élevé ont signalé une plus grande proximité parent-nourrisson, comparé à ceux ayant signalé des niveaux de stress élevés et un faible soutien social. Les résultats soulignent l'importance du soutien social dans la protection de la relation parent-nourrisson, particulièrement en temps de stress élevé, comme durant la pandémie de COVID-19.

Influence of social support and stressful life events on adherence to colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood test in Spanish medium risk population / Influencia del apoyo social y los acontecimentos vitales estresantes en el cribado de cáncer colorrectal con sangre oculta en heces en población española de riesgo medio

Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Five-year survival rate in Spain is 57%. The most important prognostic factor is the stage of the tumor at the diagnosis. CRC can be early diagnosed, but the adherence to screening programs is low (<50%). This study aims to ascertain the influence of social support and stressful life events on the adherence to the population screening of CRC with fecal occult blood test in Spanish average risk population. Methods Multicenter case–control study. We conducted a simple random sampling among individuals invited to participate in the colorectal cancer screening program. We analyzed epidemiological and social variables associated with lifestyle and behavioral factors. We performed a descriptive and a bivariant analyses and a logistic regression analysis. Results Four hundred and eight patients (237 cases and 171 controls) were included. Multivariant analyses showed independent association between higher adherence to the screening program and older age (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01–1.10), stable partner (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.08–2.89) and wide social network (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.07–2.66). Otherwise, lower adherence was associated to perceiving barriers to participate in the program (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88–0.96). We find a statistically significant association between lower adherence and high impact stressful life events in the bivariant analyses, and the tendency was maintained (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.37–1.08) in the multivariant. Conclusion Social variables decisively influence the adherence to colorectal cancer screening. The implementation of social interventions that improve social support, reduce impact of stressful life events and the design of screening programs that decrease the perceived barriers, will contribute to increase the participation on these programs. Secondary, the colorectal cancer diagnosis will be made in early-stages with the consequent mortality reduction (AU)

Introducción El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. La tasa de supervivencia a cinco años en España es de 57%. El factor pronóstico más importante es el estadio del tumor en el momento del diagnóstico. El CCR se puede diagnosticar precozmente, pero la adherencia a los programas de cribado es baja (< 50%). Este estudio pretende conocer la influencia del apoyo social y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes en la adherencia al cribado poblacional de CCR con sangre oculta en heces en población española de riesgo medio. Métodos Estudio multicéntrico de casos y controles. Realizamos un muestreo aleatorio simple entre los individuos invitados a participar en un programa de cribado de CCR. Analizamos variables epidemiológicas y sociales asociadas al estilo de vida y factores conductuales. Realizamos un análisis descriptivo, un análisis bivariante y una regresión logística. Resultados Se incluyeron 408 pacientes (237 casos y 171 controles). El análisis multivariante demostró una asociación independiente entre una mayor adherencia al programa de cribado y mayor edad (OR: 1,06; IC 95%: 1,01-1,10), tener pareja estable (OR: 1,77, IC 95%: 1,08-2,89) y disponer de una amplia red social (OR: 1,68; IC 95%: 1,07-2,66). Por el contrario, la menor adherencia se asoció a la percepción de barreras para participar en el cribado (OR: 0,92; IC 95%: 0,88-0,96). Encontramos una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre menor adherencia y acontecimientos vitales estresantes de alto impacto en el análisis bivariante. La tendencia se mantuvo (OR: 0,63, IC 95%: 0,37-1,08) en el análisis multivariante (AU)

Resilience in theface of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Portuguese Adult Athletes / Resiliencia frente a la Pandemia de COVID-19 en los/as Deportistas Adultos/as Portugueses/as / Resiliência face à Pandemia COVID-19 em Atletas Adultos/as Portugueses/as

COVID-19 triggered the most significant global state of emergency since World War II, establishing a long-lasting and challenging transition period in anyone's life. In the case of athletes, some specific challenges arise, particularly those associated with the restrictions in training and competitions imposed by sanitary measures. This exploratory and cross-sectional study aims to understand athletes' resilience in the face of COVID-19. The data was collected between December 2020 and March 2021 from 1016 participants with a mean age of 30 years (SD=12.5), ranging from 18 to 83 years, and an average of 14 years of federated practice (SD=9.55). Resilience was measured through a tripartite assessment of its domains: adversity factors (personal experience with the virus, effects on sports practice, and fear of COVID-19), protection mechanisms (satisfaction with social support and coping strategies), and adjustment (life satisfaction, positive and negative affect, and subjective impact of the pandemic). The results suggest that the drop in training characteristics, time without trainingand lockdown, fear of COVID-19, and behavioral disengagement are negative predictors of positive adjustment. On the other hand, active coping and satisfaction with social support were positively associated with athletes' adaptation. Furthermore, it was found that being female is an additional adversity factor and that external circumstances, such as the severity of the pandemic, seem to interfere with the participants' adjustment. In conclusion, results suggest that sports institutions should prioritizeathletes’ mental health and promote their sports practice as much as possible.(AU)

La COVID-19 desencadenó el mayor estado de emergencia mundial desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, estableciendo un período de transición duradero y desafiante en la vida de cualquiera. En el caso de los/as deportistas, surgen algunos retos específicos, especialmente los asociados a las restricciones en los entrenamientos y las competiciones, impuestas por las medidas sanitarias. El objetivo principal de este estudio exploratorio y transversal es comprender la resiliencia de los/as atletas frente a la COVID-19.Los datos se recogieron entre diciembre de 2020 y marzo de 2021 de 1,016 participantes con una edad media de 30 años (±12.5), con un rango de 18 a 83 años, y con una media de 14 años de práctica federada (±9.55). La resiliencia se midió a través de una evaluación tripartita de sus dominios: factores de adversidad (experiencia personal con el virus, efectos en la práctica deportivay miedo al COVID-19), mecanismos de protección (satisfacción con el apoyo social y estrategias de afrontamiento) y ajuste (satisfacción vital, afecto positivo y negativo e impacto subjetivo de la pandemia). Los resultados sugieren que el descenso de las características del entreno, el tiempo sin entrenar y en confinamiento, el miedo al COVID-19 y la desvinculación conductual son predictores negativos del ajuste positivo. Por otro lado, el afrontamiento activo y la satisfacción con el apoyo social se asociaron positivamente con la adaptación de los/as deportistas. Además, se encontró que ser mujer es un factor de adversidad adicional y que las circunstancias externas, como la gravedad de la pandemia, parecen interferir en la adaptación de los/as participantes. En conclusión, los resultados sugieren que las instituciones deportivas deberían priorizar la salud mental de los/as atletas y promover su práctica deportiva en la medida de lo posible.(AU)

A COVID-19 desencadeou o maior estado de emergência global desde a Segunda Guerra Mundial, estabelecendo um período de transição duradouro e desafiante na vida de qualquer pessoa. No caso dos atletas federados, surgiram alguns desafios específicos, particularmente associados às restrições nos treinos e competições impostas por medidas sanitárias. O principal objetivo deste estudo exploratório de natureza trasnversal é compreender aresiliência dos/as atletas federados/as face à COVID-19. Os dados foram recolhidos entre dezembro de 2020 e março de 2021 junto de 1016 participantes com uma idade média de 30 anos (DP=12.5), variando de 18 a 83 anos, e com uma média de 14 anos de prática federada (DP=9.55). A resiliência foi medida através de uma avaliação tripartida dos seus domínios: fatores de risco (experiência pessoal com o vírus, efeitos na prática desportiva, e medo da COVID-19), mecanismos de proteção (satisfação com o apoio social e estratégias de coping), e ajustamento (satisfação com a vida, afeto positivo e negativo, e impacto subjetivo da pandemia). Os resultados sugerem que a queda nas características do treino, o tempo sem treino e em confinamento, o medo da COVID-19 e o desinvestimento comportamental são preditores negativos de ajustamento positivo. Por outro lado, o coping ativo e a satisfação com o apoio social foram positivamente associados à adaptação dos/as atletas. Além disso, verificou-se que ser mulher é um fatorde risco adicional e que circunstâncias externas, tais como a gravidade da pandemia, parecem interferir com o ajustamento dos/as participantes. Em conclusão, os resultados sugerem que as instituições desportivas devem dar prioridade à saúde mental dos/as atletas e promovera sua prática desportiva tanto quanto possível.(AU)

Influence of social support and stressful life events on adherence to colorectal cancer screening using faecal occult blood test in Spanish medium risk population.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Five-year survival rate in Spain is 57%. The most important prognostic factor is the stage of the tumor at the diagnosis. CRC can be early diagnosed, but the adherence to screening programs is low (<50%). This study aims to ascertain the influence of social support and stressful life events on the adherence to the population screening of CRC with fecal occult blood test in Spanish average risk population. METHODS: Multicenter case-control study. We conducted a simple random sampling among individuals invited to participate in the colorectal cancer screening program. We analyzed epidemiological and social variables associated with lifestyle and behavioral factors. We performed a descriptive and a bivariant analyses and a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Four hundred and eight patients (237 cases and 171 controls) were included. Multivariant analyses showed independent association between higher adherence to the screening program and older age (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.10), stable partner (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.08-2.89) and wide social network (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.07-2.66). Otherwise, lower adherence was associated to perceiving barriers to participate in the program (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.88-0.96). We find a statistically significant association between lower adherence and high impact stressful life events in the bivariant analyses, and the tendency was maintained (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.37-1.08) in the multivariant. CONCLUSION: Social variables decisively influence the adherence to colorectal cancer screening. The implementation of social interventions that improve social support, reduce impact of stressful life events and the design of screening programs that decrease the perceived barriers, will contribute to increase the participation on these programs. Secondary, the colorectal cancer diagnosis will be made in early-stages with the consequent mortality reduction.

Apoio social na prática de atividade física de trabalhadores / Apoyo social en la práctica de actividad física de trabajadores / Social support in workers' physical activity

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a função dos apoios sociais formal e informal na prática de atividade física durante o tempo livre de trabalhadores. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 395 trabalhadores técnicos administrativos em uma universidade pública. Os dados foram coletados utilizando: questionário sociodemográfico, Questionário de Atividade Física Habitual de Baecke e Escala de Apoio Social para a prática de Atividade Física. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva, teste t de Student, teste d de Cohen e Análise de Variância. Resultados Os participantes que referiram algum tipo de apoio para atividade física no tempo livre (92,2%) apresentaram maiores médias no escore de atividade física. O apoio institucional (58,0%) teve função de destaque como potencial influenciador em comparação ao apoio de chefias imediatas (14,2%), embora elas tenham exercido um certo diferencial entre os trabalhadores da manutenção. Conclusão O apoio social tem função importante na promoção da atividade física no tempo livre de trabalhadores. As iniciativas institucionais de estímulo ao comportamento ativo no ambiente de trabalho carecem de alinhamento com o incentivo por parte dos superiores imediatos, para que sejam mais efetivas.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la función del apoyo social formal e informal en la práctica de actividad física durante el tiempo libre de trabajadores. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado con 395 trabajadores técnicos administrativos de una universidad pública. Los datos se recopilaron utilizando un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Cuestionario de Actividad Física Habitual de Baecke y la Escala de Apoyo Social para la Práctica de Actividad Física. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva, test-T de Student, prueba d de Cohen y análisis de varianza. Resultados Los participantes que relataron algún tipo de apoyo para actividad física en el tiempo libre (92,2 %) presentaron mayores promedios en el puntaje de actividad física. El apoyo institucional (58,0 %) tuvo una función destacada como posible influenciador en comparación con el apoyo de jefes directos (14,2 %), aunque estos últimos hayan ejercido cierto diferencial entre los trabajadores de mantenimiento. Conclusión El apoyo social tiene una función importante en la promoción de la actividad física en el tiempo libre de trabajadores. Las iniciativas institucionales de estímulo a un comportamiento activo en el ambiente de trabajo necesitan estar alineadas con el incentivo por parte de los superiores inmediatos para que sean más efectivas.

Abstract Objective To analyze the role of formal and informal social support in the practice of physical activity during workers' leisure time. Methods A cross-sectional study carried out with 395 technical administrative workers at a public university. Data were collected using sociodemographic questionnaire, Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire and Physical Activity and Social Support Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t test, Cohen's d test and Analysis of Variance. Results Participants who reported some type of support for physical activity in their leisure time (92.2%) had higher means in the physical activity score. Institutional support (58.0%) had a prominent role as a potential influencer compared to support from immediate superiors (14.2%), although they had a certain differential among maintenance workers. Conclusion Social support plays an important role in promoting physical activity in workers' leisure time. Institutional initiatives to encourage active behavior in the work environment need to be aligned with encouragement by immediate superiors so that they are more effective.

Desafios da prematuridade: importância da rede de apoio social na percepção de mães de neonatos / Challenges of prematurity: importance of the social support network in the perception of mothers of newborns / Desafíos de la prematuridad: importancia de la red de apoyo social en la percepción de las madres de recién nacidos

Introdução: o nascimento de um bebê prematuro, por vezes, necessita de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, o que resulta na mudança de toda dinâmica familiar. Isso ocorre devido ao longo período de hospitalização para o bebê e consequente permanência dos pais no ambiente hospitalar. Objetivo: conhecer os desafios da prematuridade e o papel do apoio social na percepção das mães durante o internamento do seu filho em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Metodologia: estudo de abordagem qualitativa, cujos dados foram coletados mediante entrevistas, com sete mães, entre março e agosto de 2018. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Resultados: verificou-se que entre os desafios mais comuns enfrentados pelas mães durante o período de internação estão relacionados ao medo da perda do filho hospitalizado, o apoio da equipe de enfermagem e da família as principais estratégias para enfrentar este momento. Conclusão: o reconhecimento dos desafios enfrentados e o apoio social por familiares e pela equipe de enfermagem são fundamentais a fim de minimizar as dificuldades enfrentadas pelas famílias dos recém-nascidos durante o processo de hospitalização.

Introduction: the birth of a premature baby sometimes requires hospitalization in a neonatal intensive care unit, which results in a change in all family dynamics. This occurs due to the long period of hospitalization for the baby and the consequent permanence of the parents in the hospital environment. Objective: to know the challenges of prematurity and the role of social support in the perception of mothers during their child's hospitalization in a neonatal intensive care unit. Methodology: study with a qualitative approach, whose data were collected through interviews with seven mothers, between March and August 2018. The data were submitted to content analysis proposed by Bardin. Results: it was found that among the most common challenges faced by mothers during the period of hospitalization are related to the fear of losing the hospitalized child, the support of the nursing team and the family are the main strategies to face this moment. Conclusion: recognition of the challenges faced and social support by family members and the nursing team are essential in order to minimize the difficulties faced by families of newborns during the hospitalization process.

Introducción: el nacimiento de un bebé prematuro en ocasiones requiere hospitalización en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, lo que resulta en cambios en toda la dinámica familiar. Esto ocurre debido al largo período de hospitalización del bebé y la consecuente estancia de los padres en el ambiente hospitalario. Objetivo: comprender los desafíos de la prematuridad y el papel del apoyo social en la percepción de las madres durante la hospitalización de su hijo en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Metodología: estudio cualitativo, cuyos datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas a siete madres, entre marzo y agosto de 2018. Los datos fueron sometidos al análisis de contenido propuesto por Bardin. Resultados: se encontró que entre los desafíos más comunes que enfrentan las madres durante el período de hospitalización están relacionados con el miedo a perder a su hijo hospitalizado, siendo el apoyo del equipo de enfermería y de la familia las principales estrategias para afrontar este momento. Conclusión: el reconocimiento de los desafíos enfrentados y el apoyo social por parte de los familiares y del equipo de enfermería son fundamentales para minimizar las dificultades que enfrentan las familias de los recién nacidos durante el proceso de hospitalización.

Perceived friendships protect against the development of anger following childhood adversities in UK military veteran men residing in Northern Ireland.

Background: Experience of childhood adversity is associated with greater anger as an adult, particularly in men. Soldiers and veterans report higher incidence of adverse childhood experiences, many of whom also experience elevated rates of PTSD and anger. However, little is known about factors which may protect against the development of anger after experiencing childhood adversity.Objective: This study aims to assess the potential protective aspects of perceived social support in military veterans.Methods: Data from the Northern Ireland Veterans' Health and Wellbeing Study (N = 590, Mage = 56) was utilised in regression models to examine perceived social support (family, friend, partner; MSPSS) as a moderator of the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEQ-10) and anger (DAR-7). This sample comprised men who were UK Armed Forces veterans residing in Northern Ireland.Results: Significant interaction effects, visualised using interaction plots, were found between perceived friend support and both child abuse and household challenge. When men perceived high friend support, there was no association between child abuse or household challenge and anger. For veteran men who perceived the maximum amount of partner support, there was no association between child abuse and anger. Family support did not change the positive association between child abuse, child neglect or household challenge and future anger.Conclusions: This study indicates that it is especially important to foster supportive and empathetic friendships for men that have experienced adversity as a child, perhaps through programmes such as Men's Sheds, as these friendships may alleviate the negative influences of child abuse and household challenge on anger.

Perceived friend and partner support were protective factors against the development of anger for veterans that experienced child abuse or household challenge.Child neglect had the strongest association with adult anger, unchanged by any type of perceived support.Programmes which foster friendships may be particularly beneficial for veterans transitioning out of the military.

Percepción de apoyo social en padres de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Fundamento: el apoyo de familiares y del equipo de salud a los padres cuidadores de sus hijos diabéticos es fundamental para el afrontamiento a los cambios que provoca esta enfermedad en la dinámica familiar. Objetivo: describir la percepción de los padres cuidadores sobre el apoyo familiar y de los Sistemas de Salud en el comienzo de sus hijos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Métodos: estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado mediante entrevista semiestructurada a cuatro padres cuidadores de niños con diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 1. El consentimiento informado fue realizado vía Google Forms y la entrevista fue vía plataforma ZOOM. Las entrevistas tuvieron una duración de 30 minutos. El análisis de las entrevistas se realizó utilizando el programa ATLAS.ti versión 22. Resultados: el comienzo de la enfermedad de los niños fue recibido por los padres con mucha confusión y falta de conocimiento. En cuanto a las redes de apoyo, los padres declararon la soledad como vivencia en el cuidado de los niños y, en relación a los equipos de salud, relataron que está enfocada en los cuidados básicos que tenían que cumplir, como la alimentación y el control glucémico, con ausencia de preocupación por el apoyo emocional. Conclusiones: las necesidades de apoyo desde los equipos de salud, a los padres cuidadores, más allá del control de la enfermedad, es una necesidad explícita desde la evidencia, que aún no ha sido considerada por los Sistemas de Salud. El apoyo debe trascender la familia, con una actuación importante de los profesionales de la salud y todo el contexto en que están insertos los niños, para contribuir a un manejo adecuado de la enfermedad.

Foundation: the support of family members and the health team for parents caring for their diabetic children is essential for facing with the changes that this disease causes in family dynamics. Objective: to describe the perception of parent caregivers about family support and Health Systems at the beginning of their children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: qualitative descriptive study carried out through semi-structured interviews with four parent caregivers of children with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Informed consent was carried out via Google forms and the interview was via the ZOOM platform. The interviews lasted 30 minutes. The analysis of the interviews was carried out using the ATLAS.ti version 22 program. Results: the beginning of the children's illness was received by parents with much confusion and lack of knowledge. Regarding the support networks, the parents declared loneliness in the experience of caring for the children and, in relation to the health teams, they reported that it is focused on the basic care that they had to fulfill, such as food and hygiene, glycemic control, with absence of concern for emotional support. Conclusions: the support needs from health teams to parent caregivers, beyond disease control, is an explicit need from the evidence, which has not yet been considered by Health Systems. Support must go beyond the family, with important action by health professionals and the entire context in which children are inserted, to contribute to adequate management of the disease.

Discriminación percibida por pacientes en seguimiento por COVID-19. Tajamar Regalado, Ecuador

Fundamento la COVID-19 tuvo repercusión en el estado biopsicosocial de la población. Entre las actitudes y comportamientos, la discriminación se manifestó como una de las respuestas a diferentes niveles de interrelación personal y social. Objetivo describir la discriminación percibida por pacientes en seguimiento por COVID-19. Métodos estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado en el periodo septiembre de 2021 a febrero de 2022, con todos los pacientes con seguimiento por COVID-19 (N=89) residentes en el barrio de Tajamar Regalado (Tulcán, Ecuador). Mediante la encuesta se obtuvo información sobre las variables: tipo de institución donde recibió seguimiento médico, percepción de discriminación, apoyo social y apoyo comunitario. Resultados el 60,67 % de los pacientes refirió que casi siempre lamentaba haberse contagiado de COVID-19; el 59,55 %, que siempre sintió ser discriminado por haber padecido la enfermedad; el 40,45 %, que casi siempre consideró importante utilizar medidas de protección para evitar más contagios en su comunidad; el 48,31 % planteó que casi siempre recibió consejería por el personal de salud; y el 59,55 % consideró que su salud mental se vio afectada. Casi la mitad de los pacientes expresó haber recibido un apoyo social muy malo, y el 51,68 % un apoyo social malo parte de las autoridades en particular. Conclusiones durante la pandemia de COVID-19 existió un rechazo social a los pacientes contagiados, el cual provocó afectaciones en la salud mental de estos. Se evidenció una falta de apoyo por parte de la comunidad y las autoridades; y una escasa consejería por el personal de salud.

Foundation COVID-19 had an impact on the population' biopsychosocial state. Among attitudes and behaviors, discrimination manifested itself as one of the responses to different levels of personal and social interrelation. Objective to describe the discrimination perceived by patients being monitored for COVID-19. Methods descriptive and cross-sectional study, carried out from September 2021 to February 2022, in all patients monitored for COVID-19 (N=89) who live in Tajamar Regalado neighborhood (Tulcán, Ecuador). Through the survey, information was obtained on the variables: type of institution where they received medical follow-up, perception of discrimination, social support and community support. Results 60.67% of patients reported that they almost always regretted having been infected with COVID-19; 59.55%, who always felt they were discriminated against for having suffered from the disease; 40.45%, who almost always considered it important to use protective measures to avoid further infections in their community; 48.31% stated that they almost always received counseling from health personnel; and 59.55% considered that their mental health was affected. Almost half of the patients expressed having received very bad social support, and 51.68% received bad social support from the authorities in particular. Conclusions during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was social rejection of infected patients, which caused effects on their mental health. A lack of support from the community and authorities was evident; and little counseling by health personnel.

Child maltreatment and resilience in adulthood: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Although child maltreatment (CM) has been linked to health problems and poor psychosocial functioning, not all individuals exposed to CM develop or experience negative consequences later in life. This suggests that some individuals show resilience after being exposed to CM. However, conclusions have been limited by inconsistent findings across different CM subtypes and resilience domains.Objective: To develop a protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify associations between CM (overall and its subtypes) and resilience (global and its multiple domains) in adulthood, and to examine moderators and mediators of these associations.Method: PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science will be searched to identify relevant studies on the association between CM (exposure) and resilience (outcome) in adults (≥ 18 years). Data will be screened and extracted by at least two independent reviewers. The methodological quality of the included studies will be independently assessed with a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). If deemed viable, a meta-analysis will be conducted using a random effects model. Heterogeneity of evidence will be estimated with the I2 statistic, and publication bias will be assessed. The effects of potential moderators (e.g. timing and severity of CM, age, sex, family cohesion, socio-economic status, country/region) will be analysed using meta-regression and subgroup analyses, and meta-analytical structural equation modelling will be employed to synthesise indirect mediation effects. Candidate moderators and mediators (e.g. genetic factors, brain functioning, attachment style, personality traits, physical activity, and social support) will be also examined qualitatively.Conclusions: This protocol will facilitate a systematic review and meta-analysis that has the potential to enhance our knowledge about the association between CM exposure in early life and resilience in adulthood. Understanding associations and underlying mechanisms between CM and resilience is potentially important in informing prevention and interventions to sustain health and improve outcomes among adults with a history of CM.PROSPERO registration: CRD42023394120.

In this study protocol, we propose to quantitatively summarise the existing literature on the relationship between child maltreatment and resilience with regard to mental health consequences and psychosocial functioning later in life.This preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis will establish the procedures to investigate associations between an overall classification of child maltreatment and its different associated subtypes, and a global/trait classification of resilience and its different domains in adults.This protocol will further determine the analytical approach to explore and summarise effect moderators and mediators of the association between child maltreatment and resilience in adulthood.The resulting synthesis, that will be based on this protocol, could enhance our understanding of the strength of the association between child maltreatment and resilience and inform prevention strategies and clinical interventions to improve health and psychosocial functioning in adult survivors.

Influencia de las redes de apoyo sociofamiliares en el cuidado de las personas mayores dependientes: un estudio cualitativo / Influence of social-family support networks on the care of dependent older people: a qualitative study

Fundamentos: Las redes de apoyo sociofamiliares son necesarias para el cuidado de las personas dependientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar los tipos de apoyo que se dan en las Redes de Apoyo Sociofamiliares (RASF) de las personas dependientes mayores del Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte (España) desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo de corte biográfico, basado en la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El tamaño de la muestra atendió al criterio de saturación teórica. Participaron en el estudio un total de veinticuatro personas, quince mujeres y nueve hombres. Para el análisis cualitativo del contenido y del discurso de las personas entrevistadas se siguió la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados: Emergieron cuatro categorías correspondientes a los tipos de apoyo prestados: apoyo cognitivo, material, instrumental y emocional. Estas categorías correspondían a los prototipos que las personas cuidadoras y pacientes construían a través de las ideas y conceptos que tenían sobre el cuidado a personas dependientes. Los distintos tipos de apoyo prestados disminuían el malestar de todos los componentes de las RASF. Se evidenciaron diferencias en los discursos entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: Cuidar continúa siendo una actividad que suelen realizar las mujeres. Los tipos de apoyos analizados demuestran que la existencia de una red es una garantía de cuidados y que el empleo de las RASF reduce la sobrecarga de la persona cuidadora al estar compensadas con los otros miembros de la red. Por tanto, las redes son un factor de protección de la salud para las personas cuidadoras familiares.(AU)

Background: Socio-family support networks (SFSN) are necessary for the care of dependent people. This study aimed to explore the types of support provided in the SFSN for dependent older people in the Aljarafe Health District-Sevilla Norte (Spain) from a gender perspective. Methods: A qualitative biographical study was carried out, based on semi-structured interviews. The sample size met the theoretical saturation criterion. A total of twenty-four people participated in the study, fifteen women and nine men. For the qualitative analysis of the content and discourse of the people interviewed, Grounded Theory was followed. Results: Four categories emerged corresponding to thnal support. These categories corresponded to the prototypes that caregivers and patients built through the ideas and concepts they had about caring for dependent people. The different types of support provided reduced the discomfort of all members of the SFSN. Differences were evident in the speeches between men and women. Conclusions: Caring continues to be an activity that women usually do. The types of support analyzed show that the existence of a network is a guarantee of care and the use of SFSN reduces the overload of the caregiver by being compensated with the other members of the network. Therefore, networks are a health protection factor for family caregivers.(AU)

Percepción por edad entre maridos de mujeres con cáncer de mama: ajuste diádico, apoyo de pareja y calidad de vida relacionada a la salud / Perception by age among spouses of women with breast cancer: Dyadic adjustment, social support and health-related quality of life

Objetivo: evaluar las diferencias y relaciones por edad respecto al apoyo de pareja, ajuste diádico y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) entre los esposos de pacientes con cáncer de mama (CaMa). Método: estudio transversal-correlacional; participaron 120 esposos de pacientes con CaMa, divididos en dos grupos y basados en la edad de las pacientes: jóvenes (≤40) y mayores (≥50). Se aplicaron instrumentos validados en población mexicana de ajuste diádico, apoyo de pareja y CVRS en todos los participantes. Resultados: los esposos jóvenes reportaron menores niveles de ajuste diádico y menos apoyo por parte de su pareja y mejor CVRS, en comparación con esposos de mayores. Ajuste diádico y apoyo de pareja se asociaron positivamente en ambos grupos. En los esposos jóvenes el ajuste y el apoyo de pareja se relacionaron con dimensiones específicas de CVRS: salud en general, actividades sociales y salud mental. En los esposos mayores, se encontraron asociaciones entre ajuste diádico y un mayor número de dimensiones de CVRS; mientras que el apoyo de pareja que percibieron solo se relacionó con dos dimensiones de CVRS: actividades sociales y salud mental. Conclusiones: los esposos jóvenes perciben más dificultades dentro de su relación de pareja en comparación con los esposos mayores, y para estos últimos, el ajuste de su relación está asociada con más aspectos de su CVRS. Los resultados destacan la relevancia de diseñar y proporcionar intervenciones a la diada, con diferentes objetivos, considerando su edad (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the differences and relationships by age concerning couple support, dyadic adjustment, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of husbands of breast cancer patients. Methods: Cross-sectional correlational study; 120 spouses of breast cancer patients were recruited. The spouses were divided into two groups, based on patients’ age: ≤40, ≥50. Dyadic adjustment, couple support and HRQoL instruments were administered. All instruments were validated in the Mexican population. Results: Young spouses reported lower levels of dyadic adjustment and perceived fewer wives’ support, whereas older spouses had a better HRQoL. Both groups observed a positive association between dyadic adjustment and couple support. In younger spouses, adjustment and support were related to some dimensions of HRQoL: general health, social activities, and emotional aspects. In older spouses, more associations were found between dyadic adjustment and HRQoL. Support perceived by spouses was only related to social activities and mental health. Conclusions: Younger spouses perceive more difficulties within their relationship than older spouses. Additionally, their relationship adjustment is associated with more aspects of their HRQoL. The results highlight the relevance of designing and providing interventions to the dyad with different objectives depending on age (AU)

Percepción de las fuentes de apoyo que facilitan la adherencia a los tratamientos / Perception of sources of support that facilitate adherence to the treatments

Introducción: La falta de adherencia a los tratamientos aumenta la probabilidad de fracaso terapéutico y complicaciones innecesarias. Objetivo: Explorar las fuentes de apoyo percibidas por los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas que les facilitan la adherencia a los tratamientos. Método: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico, en el que se reclutaron ocho pacientes crónicos complejos, sin distinción de género, ni edad, residentes en Barcelona, y que tras evaluar la adherencia farmacológica con los test de Morisky-Green y el test de Batalla diera como resultado ser adherente al régimen terapéutico. Tras lo cual se efectuaron dos preguntas abiertas que fueron grabadas en un dispositivo de audio y transcritas textualmente. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el método Colaizzi. Resultados: Surgieron tres grupos temáticos: 1) Tener el apoyo familiar; 2) Comprensión de la enfermedad y estrategias que facilitan la adhesión a los tratamientos; y 3) Relación con los profesionales de referencia. Conclusiones: La fuente más importante de apoyo percibida por los participantes, es la familia, coincidiendo con otros autores. El hallazgo de este estudio, es que se evidencia a medicina y enfermería como instigadores que fomentan su empoderamiento y como fuente de influencia reconocida que ha permitido su asimilación y capacitación para adoptar medidas que les ayudan a seguir las pautas farmacoterapéuticas. (AU)

Introduction: Non-adherence to treatments increases the probability of therapeutic failure and unnecessary complications. Objective: To explore the sources of support perceived by patients with chronic diseases that facilitate adherence to treatment. Method: Qualitative descriptive study with a phenomenological approach, in which eight complex chronic patients were recruited, without distinction of gender or age, residents of Barcelona, and who, after evaluating pharmacological adherence with the Morisky-Green test and the test of Batalla resulted in being adherent to the therapeutic regimen.After which, two open questions were asked that were recorded on an audio device and transcribed verbatim. For data analysis, the method Colaizzi was used. Results: Three thematic groups emerged: 1) Having family support; 2) Understanding of the disease and strategies that facilitate adherence to treatments; and 3) Relationship with reference professionals. Conclusions: The most important source of support perceived by the participants is the family, coinciding with other authors. The finding of this study is that shows medicine and nursing are evidenced as instigators that promote their empowerment and as a recognized source of influence that has allowed their assimilation and training to adopt measures that help them follow the pharmacotherapeutic guidelines. (AU)

Medidas abrangente e reduzida de comportamento de suporte do supervisor à família / Comprehensive and short-form measures of family supportive supervisor behaviors / Medidas integral y reducida de comportamiento de apoyo al supervisor familiar

O suporte do supervisor à família conceitua-se como comportamentos dos supervisores voltados a apoiar os papéis familiares dos funcionários. O presente estudo objetivou obter evidências de validade da Medida de Comportamento Suporte do Supervisor à Família, nas versões abrangente e reduzida, em amostras brasileiras. Participaram desta pesquisa 503 trabalhadores, de ambos os sexos. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias evidenciaram que a versão abrangente ficou composta por 14 itens, divididos em quatro fatores de primeira ordem (emocional, instrumental, modelo de papéis e gestão criativa) e um fator de segunda ordem. A versão reduzida unifatorial compôs-se por quatro itens. Ambas as versões apresentaram bons índices de consistência interna. Os instrumentos correlacionaram-se positivamente com o enriquecimento trabalho-família, suporte do supervisor e satisfação no trabalho, e negativamente com o conflito trabalho-família e intenção de rotatividade. Concluiu-se que os instrumentos apresentaram propriedades psicométricas que recomendam seu uso em investigações futuras.(AU)

The concept of a family-supportive supervisor refers to supervisors' behaviors aimed at supporting employees' family roles. This study aimed to obtain evidence of validity of the Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors, both in its comprehensive and abbreviated versions, using Brazilian samples. A total of 503 workers of both sexes participated in this research. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the comprehensive version consisted of 14 items, grouped into four first-order factors (emotional, instrumental, role model and creative management), all contributing to a second-order factor. The unifactorial reduced version consisted of four items. Both versions showed good internal consistency indices. The instruments exhibited positive correlations with work-family enrichment, supervisor support, and job satisfaction while demonstrating negative correlations with work-family conflict and turnover intention. It was concluded that the instruments presented psychometric properties that recommend their use in future research.(AU)

El apoyo del supervisor a la familia se define a las acciones de los supervisores dirigidos para respaldar los roles familiares de los empleados. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener evidencias de validez de la Medida del Comportamiento de Apoyo del Supervisor a la Familia, en las versiones extensa y breve, en muestras brasileñas. En esta investigación participaron 503 trabajadores de ambos sexos. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios revelaron que la versión extensa quedó compuesta por 14 ítems, divididos en cuatro factores de primer orden (emocional, instrumental, modelo a seguir y gestión creativa) y un factor de segundo orden. La versión breve unifactorial constaba de cuatro ítems. Ambas versiones mostraron buenos índices de consistencia interna. Los instrumentos se correlacionaron positivamente con el enriquecimiento trabajo-familia, el apoyo del supervisor y la satisfacción laboral, y negativamente con el conflicto trabajo-familia y la intención de rotación. Se concluye que los instrumentos presentan propiedades psicométricas que respaldan su uso en futuras investigaciones.(AU)

Future expectations of adolescents from different social backgrounds / Expectativas de futuro de adolescentes procedentes de distintos contextos sociales

Este trabajo analiza las expectativas futuras durante la adolescencia y su relación con variables personales (edad, sexo, autoestima y satisfacción vital) y contextuales (apoyo social percibido y nivel de riesgo). La muestra está formada por 748 adolescentes, con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 16 años (M = 11.93, SD = 1.42) procedentes de contextos con distinto nivel de riesgo social. Los resultados muestran que las expectativas futuras disminuyen a medida que aumenta la edad, con pocas diferencias encontradas en función del sexo. Autopercepciones y sentimientos de apoyo social más positivos se asocian a mejores expectativas futuras. En relación al nivel de riesgo, contextos más vulnerables tienen un efecto negativo en las expectativas futuras. Los análisis de regresión muestran la capacidad predictiva de las variables estudiadas. Finalmente, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirma el efecto causal positivo del ajuste psicológico y del apoyo social percibido, así como la influencia negativa de los contextos con mayores desventajas sociales, sobre las expectativas de futuro. Los resultados encontrados proponen la necesidad de instaurar programas preventivos orientados a fomentar los recursos personales de los niños, especialmente en aquellos que pertenecen a contextos vulnerables.(AU)

This paper analyzes adolescents’ future expectations (FE) and their relationship with personal variables (age, sex, self-esteem, and life sat-isfaction) and contextual variables (perceived social support and level of risk). The sample includes 748 adolescents, aged 9-16 (M= 11.93, SD= 1.42), coming from contexts with different levels of social risk. The results show that FE decrease as age increases, with few differences found based on sex. More positive self-perceptions and perceived social support are as-sociated with better FE. Concerning the level of risk, more vulnerable con-texts have a higher negative effect on FE. The regression analysis reveals the predictive capacity of the studied variables. The structural equation model confirms the positive causal effect of psychological adjustment and perceived social support, as well as the negative influence of contexts with greater social disadvantages on adolescent FE. The results suggest the need to establish preventive programs aimed at promoting personal resources of children, especially those who come from vulnerable contexts.(AU)